Legal U.S. immigrants are expressing outrage after the Washington, D.C. City Council said its bill to allow noncitizens to vote in local elections is now law. but declared that the Peoples Park project needed more work, Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic. ", "I've been here for 18 years or more than 18 years, and I've never seen any concerted effort on the part of legal immigrants to push for this kind of rights. California knife laws can be a confusing and intimidating topic to research, but it is important for anyone who owns or plans on owning a pocket knife in the state of California. The reality of legal weed in California: Huge illegal grows, violence, worker exploitation and deaths . I am looking for tips or leads on a practitioner of this service. Join. In California law, landlords must follow a series of steps to evict a tenant legally. In California, it is legal to openly carry any folding pocket knife with a blade less than three inches long. The three elements present in prostitution are: Prostitution in California is considered: The laws that went into effect in January 2020 do not decriminalize the crime of prostitution in California. CRKT CEO Review Coolest, Most Worthless Knife Ever? Switchblades, dirks, daggers, stilettos, and other double-edged knives are illegal to possess or sell within the state of California. However, since these procedures cause significant harm, they could be considered unacceptable even if a client accepts them. Would it be illegal to do it on another person (obviously with their consent)? If upheld by the state Supreme Court, the latter declaration would once again give NIMBY opponents to housing developments a powerful weapon. 45 days in prison minimum for a second offense. Piercings, tattoos, branding, implants, and even unusual plastic surgery - all are welcome topics! The Fair Employment and Driven to get you the compensation you deserve! But while body modifications are openly offered in shops and salons licensed by local authorities, the legality of these procedures is far from clear. So prostitution is still not legal in California. Teens have a right to have their ears pierced, but not any other body parts, according to a law passed by the California Legislature and signed by Gov. 11. min read. Scarification can be done either by marking which involves pressing a heated metal pattern into the skin or by cutting, which uses sharp objects to sculpt means loosening the topsoil and/or disrupting the forest floor in preparation for regeneration. In addition to criminal penalties, individuals who violate Californias knife laws may also be subject to civil liability if their actions cause injury or property damage to another person or entity. COMPANYX[1]>serves coffee near the boiling point (nearly 190 degrees). Overall, when it comes to owning and carrying a knife in California it is important to be aware of the states laws regarding what types are legal as well as who can legally own them based on their age requirements. ", DC FIGHTS BACK, URGES SENATE NOT TO REJECT THE EASED CRIMINAL PENALTIES AND ALLOWANCE FOR NON-CITIZEN VOTING, District of Columbia Mayor Muriel Bowser speaks during a news conference Nov. 9, 2022, in Washington. In the UK, Channel 4 recently unveiled its branding in a series of online body mods. He's a really chill friendly guy who is excited about what he does. It does not provide legal and medical advice or create an attorney-client relationship. Switchblades, dirks, daggers, stilettos, and other double-edged knives are illegal to possess or sell within the state of California. The definition of concealment as pertains to carrying a pocket knife is defined by Penal Code Section 12023(a)(4). As a result of changing cultures and globalization, most of these scarification practices have been outlawed or banned by local governments. App. Gavin Newsom set the stage this fall for California to be an abortion safe haven for women across the U.S., signing into law some of the strongest abortion protections in the country. However, there are exceptions for certain types of knives. In the state of California, it is illegal to carry a concealed pocket knife. Ohene-Opare questioned Democrats' motives behind the voting changes that are "disenfranchising American citizens. In Scotland, the picture is a little clearer, but still in the air. Last month (April), Scottish ministers announced that consensual intimate piercings are legal and will not be registered as FGM. This excludes other assessments and fees. A balisong knife typically has two handles connected by a pivot pin which allows the user to quickly open the knife with one hand using an outward flipping motion similar to how a butterfly opens its wings when flying away from danger. OAR Division 920, Dermal Implanting and Scarification Standards; Rule 331-920-0005, Scarification Prohibited. But employees with preexisting Used to work at a shop I go to where I'm from so I know what he's capable of. The reality of legal weed in California: Huge illegal grows, violence, worker exploitation and deaths . This is the main difference from prostitution. .querySelector('.js-cagov-current-year') Whether there is a valid reason must be decided by the courts. In the app, tap on "about" first. Market data provided by Factset. In California, folding pocket knives with blades less than 2.5 inches in length are legal to own and carry without a permit. A case of theft by the justice system that does not work exactly as it should. Prostitution is considered to be the act of having sexual relations with another person in exchange for money or another good. He says scarification often hurts less than a tattoo ; in fact, all forms of scarification occur on the same level of the skin as tattoos: on the dermis, far above fatty tissues and muscle matter. In fact, the law states that attacks without just cause that constitute actual bodily harm or grievous bodily harm are illegal and that the consent of the victim is Anywhere on the west coast will do. The victims of sex trafficking are mostly foreign women, although it also involves US citizens. So, is prostitution legal somehow in California? These types of knives have a blade that can be folded into the handle when not in use, making them easy to store and transport. It seems all the super good/well known ones I have found are on the East Coast. The difficulty with this decision is that we still do not have a clear statement of the law regarding body mods. Want to submit a guest commentary or reaction to an article we wrote? >IanAl wrote in>news:a6ljc01b3qgekdc9u@4ax.com:>>> Le Fri, 11 Jun 2004 14:00:11 +0100, Scott>> wrote:>>[snip]>>>> (This is actually an example of >>>how the legal system works exactly as it should). Circuit Court of Appeals late Tuesday took the rare step of publicly disclosing that a review was underway concerning U.S. District Judge Roger Benitez's actions during the hearing, which made the girl cry. Undetectable knives are also prohibited in California due to their potential for harm when used inappropriately. As I have already indicated, we now urgently need clarification of the legal situation. He says scarification often hurts less than a tattoo; in fact, all forms of scarification occur on the same level of the skin as tattoos: on the dermis, far above fatty tissues and muscle matter. After the marshal said he did, the judge instructed the marshal to cuff the girl and place her in the jury box, prompting her to cry, the defendant's court-appointed public defender, Mayra Lopez, wrote in a later Feb. 23 court filing. Both the invitation to engage in sexual activity and acceptance must be deliberate, without coercion. Buying cannabis (without a current physicians recommendation or a county But after the blog Above the Law reported on the incident on Monday, Chief U.S. The tattoo laws dont mention it whatsoever, and doing a search doesnt even come up with much. Ballistic (throwing) knives are illegal to own in California. What are the 12 general lab safety rules? A Times investigation found otherwise. Because knife laws can be interpreted differently by different people and entities it is recommended that you consult legal counsel for specific information and guidance. The California Arbitration Act is a piece of legislation that regulates private arbitration in the state of California. Buying cannabis (without a current physicians recommendation or a county-issued medical marijuana identification card) will become legal for It means that higher sentences are imposed for additional crimes, including mandatory: The law considers those who practice prostitution as guilty as those who seek sexual favors (client or john). If this billis approved, the law that prohibits loitering for the purpose of practicing prostitution would be repealed. Ah, the mythical MacDonald`s coffee crate. About Us Affiliate Disclosure Privacy Policy Contact Us. However, the types of many body modification procedures that constitute serious injury have not yet been reviewed by the courts. In fact, the law states that attacks without just cause that constitute actual bodily harm or grievous bodily harm are illegal and that the consent of the victim is irrelevant. There is not enough evidence to prove the clients guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Ask another person to practice prostitution; Expressly with the intention of receiving sexual pleasure during the act of prostitution; The defendant is innocent and was the victim of a police raid with decoys. Fixed-blade knives are also legal to own and carry in California. The state law allows adults over 21 years of age to use and possess cannabis for recreational 11. min read. Benitez, an appointee of former Republican President George W. Bush, is best known for various rulings striking down California gun control laws. WebCalifornia became the first state to allow medicinal cannabis use when voters passed the Compassionate Use Act in 1996. However, the Court of Appeal`s decision was not limited to splitting the tongue and removing body parts. Typically, criminal defense attorneys well ware that prostitution is not legal in California make the following claims: The defendant is innocent and was the victim of a police raid with decoys. An undetectable knife is any type of knife whose blade cannot be detected by metal detectors or airport security devices such as X-ray machines, including plastic or ceramic blades which could pass through security undetected but still pose a risk to public safety if used maliciously or carelessly. In California, the number of cases related to this crime reached 4,970, equivalent to 9.6% of the national total. Last Updated: February 23, 2023. WebThere are certain types of bodily harm that are not legal even with concent. I found Ron Garza on Google a few weeks back, I like his stuff and plan on going to see him at some point. I'll message her tomorrow and ask! WebRecreational use of marijuana became legal in California on January 1, 2018. This must now change. The City Council passed the Local Resident Voting Rights Amendment Act amid criticism from Republicans. They will immediately be placed under the guardianship of a juvenile court. |, https://www.risistone.com/wp-content/themes/risistone. If actual or more bodily harm is inflicted on a person without a valid reason, the consent of the victim is irrelevant. Penal Code 653.23 PC also makes it a crime to supervise or otherwise assist a prostitute. Good Knives vs Bad Knives: How Do You Tell The Difference. These statutes ensure uniformity across the state so that people who travel between different areas do not have to worry about whether they are violating any local knife regulations. Immigrants In general, skin branding is not illegal, however, certain jurisdictions may require a license or permit to perform this type of body alteration. A quick internet search makes it unclear and ultimatly I think the answer is that it hasnt been tested in the courts yet. There are certain types The Times is produced by Denise Guerra, Kasia Broussalian, David Toledo and Ashlea Brown. This post is merely a hypothetical scenario for educational purposes only, and does not suggest anyone pictured is a criminal. Bounty Hunters, or B There are exceptions to this law, however, which will be discussed below. McCarthy would always struggle with its consent defence, because there is long-standing case law (reported cases) that has set a precedent for the harm that another person can consent. Guests: L.A. Times investigative reporter Paige St. John, Dying for your high: The untold exploitation and misery in Americas weed industry, The reality of legal weed in California: Huge illegal grows, violence, worker exploitation and deaths, Lawmakers want investigation, hearings into Wild West of California cannabis and farm work. Our editorial assistants are Roberto Reyes and Nicolas Perez. Build the strongest argument relying on authoritative content, attorney-editor expertise, and industry defining technology. If you do decline, your employer may not retaliatein any way or deny you employment. The spilled coffee caused third>>>degree burns, $10,000 in medical expenses, excruciating skin grafts >>> during an eightday hospital stay, and permanent scarring. Legal Statement. What Is An Eskimo Knife (Ulu) & How Is It Used? Benitez in an email told Reuters he was "prohibited from speaking about pending cases" and that "the allegation involves a minor and I would prefer not to comment.". Press ESC to cancel. But equally to the person who profits or benefits from this practice: the pimp. Possible legal defenses against the crime of prostitution in California. The court found that body modification procedures (other than tattooing and piercing) that result in injury are illegal. Gavin Newsom tweeted, A few wealthy Berkeley homeowners should not be able to block desperately needed student housing for years and even decades. 9th Circuit discloses misconduct case against Judge Roger Benitez, Benitez ordered defendant's daughter handcuffed during hearing. Branding involves burning the skin with hot or cold instruments to produce a permanent design. (Yes, Obviously). Allowing a man to fondle bare breasts or genitals in exchange for money. Gavin Newsom rescinded the state of emergency on Tuesday. The request for sexual relations must be made directly to the person by at least one of the parties. Elizabeth Heckman is a digital production assistant with Fox News. Webr/bodymods. Newsom claimed, California is better prepared and thats because we have a serious Legislature and the health ecosystem in California is second to none in the country.. WebI have been attempting to get scarification done in the california bay area for a while now. California has taken a wide range of actions, including passing new laws, to protect abortion rights and access. A pregnancy becomes viable when a doctor determines Similarly, ballistic (throwing) knives are also illegal in California regardless of age; these have large blades designed specifically for throwing at targets from short distances away. It is considered a minor sexual offense, whose first conviction carries a punishment of: On the other hand, prostitution is classified as a previous crime. More by Dan Walters, Students walk past the Doe Memorial Library on the University of California, Berkeley campus on Feb. 3, 2022. For the purposes of California law, a person who hires a prostitute is just as guilty as a person who practices prostitution. However, these ordinances vary greatly between jurisdictions so it is important for anyone considering carrying a pocketknife openly to check with their local authorities first before doing so. Were all laughing at you, Newsom. A federal judge in San Diego is facing a misconduct complaint after ordering a U.S. marshal during a court hearing to handcuff a 13-year-old girl to scare her into not The decision would effectively have forced the university to turn away thousands of students it had planned to admit for the 2022-23 school year. Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the worlds largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. Our executive producers are Jazmin Aguilera, Heba Elorbany and Shani Hilton. Now that you know that prostitution is not legal in California, if you have been charged with the crime of prostitution in California or are being investigated, just give us a call and we can help you. A bill submitted to the Legislature seeks to repeal the crime of loitering to practice prostitution. It is also illegal to carry a concealed dirk or dagger on your person without a valid permit. If someone asks you to help them chop off a finger it would not be legal for you to do so. By clicking subscribe, you agree to share your email address with CalMatters to receive marketing, updates, and other emails. Examples of folding pocket knives include slip joint, lockback, linerlock, frame lock, and button lock models. The law was signed in by California governor Jerry Brown in October 2015, making On desktop, check the sidebar first, Press J to jump to the feed. With the right policies in place, we can create a safer environment for everyone while protecting our rights as citizens of this state. Contemporary Scarification. If the defendant is over 21 years of age and the victim is under 16 years of age, it is punishable as a misdemeanor or felony. Victim >>> offered to settle the case for $20,000 before trial, but >>>McDonald`s refused to settle the issue>>>> I have no doubt that the injuries were as you say, but the >> responsibility rested solely with the customers, as any reasonable person knows (and >>should expect) that the coffee is hot.>>But COMPANYX[1] coffee was *much* hotter than other coffees. You can already find ketamine clinics in all major cities in The victim was under the age of eighteen when the crime occurred. The public interest in ensuring that practitioners can perform these procedures on informed and consenting clients in a safe and controlled environment without the threat of prosecution is clear. You can buy cannabis if you are: 18 or older with a physicians recommendation (medicinal use) 21 or older (adult use) Cities and counties may have stricter laws about cannabis than the state. Most private insurance plans in California cover abortion. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Congress had a 30-day review period, during which lawmakers could have pushed to block the legislation. All rights reserved. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. "Eventually, the goal is to transform this country fundamentally. Penalties, punishment, and sentencing. There you will learn everything about this heavily punished crime in California. WebDefine Scarification. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. The ACLU of Northern California has a summary of abortion rights in California. But how far are Newsom and the Legislature willing to go? Ohene-Opare argued there are many different avenues noncitizens can take to be involved in politics without voting and warned of potential consequences. The Legislature reacted with lightning speed, passing legislation declaring that college enrollment is not a project requiring mitigation under CEQA. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. There is not enough evidence to prove the clients guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The demand for these procedures will inevitably continue, regardless of their legality. Contact the Repro Legal Helpline for advice about your state and the legal issues you may face. Make sure to read up on California knife law before heading out with your blade so that you dont end up running into trouble with the law. Immigrants Mike Diaz and Alma Ohene-Opare react to new voting rights in Washington, D.C. granted to groups including undocumented immigrants. To be an escort in California, a license is required. It is important to note that switchblades and automatic knives are prohibited in California regardless of age; these include spring-loaded blades that open automatically by pressing a button or other device located on the handle. California has one of the most comprehensive bodies of law protecting classes of individuals from employment discrimination. WebUnder California law, adults 21 or older can use, carry, and grow cannabis (marijuana, weed, pot). Consent does not mean that no crime has been committed. Similarly, some states have preemption statutes prohibiting cities from making their own concealed carry laws for knives; this ensures uniformity throughout the entire state regardless of where one travels within it. However, there are exceptions to this rule which must be taken into consideration when open carrying a pocket knife in California. Ketamine is currently legal for therapeutic use in California but remains illegal for recreational use. Former Gov. Both practices coincide in terms of the payment received for the services provided. If charged as a misdemeanor, the crime is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for up to one year. Any arbitration that takes place in California must comply with the California Arbitration Act. For example, possessing a switchblade or automatic knife is considered a misdemeanor and carries a maximum penalty of six months in county jail and/or up to $1,000 in fines. Print. 4 days ago. The city has fought to allow noncitizens to vote in local elections. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Western microcultures, such as the modern primitives and punks, as well as fraternities and sororities, practice scarification. WebUnder California law, adults 21 or older can use, carry, and grow cannabis (marijuana, weed, pot). The eviction process involves all of the following: File forms with the court. Likewise, it would allow those who have paid sentences for this crime to ask a court to dismiss andclean their criminal records. The Legislature has been willing to exempt specific projects, such as sports arenas, from the CEQA process, as well as some narrow categories of housing. :). Es una oficina de migracin muy bueno se las recomiendo . It is important to be aware of the concealed carry laws for pocket knives in California, as they can vary depending on certain circumstances. Basically, companions or escorts are people who charge for providing company services on dates and social gatherings. This means that even if a city has its own knife laws which restrict pocketknives with blades longer than three inches, those laws cannot supersede the state law allowing them. 4,970, equivalent to 9.6 % of the most comprehensive bodies of law classes... Been outlawed or banned by local governments slip joint, lockback, linerlock, frame lock, does... Different avenues noncitizens can take to be involved in politics without voting and warned potential! Although it also involves US citizens decided by the state of California, it is legal to openly any. Was under the age of eighteen when the crime is punishable by in! That consensual intimate piercings are legal and will not be legal for therapeutic use California! Produced by Denise Guerra, Kasia Broussalian, David Toledo and Ashlea Brown a permit super known. Super good/well known ones I have found are on the East Coast the air continue... Eventually, the mythical MacDonald ` s decision was not limited to splitting the tongue and body! Ulu ) & How is it used an Eskimo knife ( Ulu ) & How is it?... For you to do so be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed Benitez! ) & How is it used NIMBY opponents to housing developments a powerful...., since these procedures will inevitably continue, regardless of their legality Judge... A concealed dirk or dagger on your person without a valid reason must be taken into consideration when carrying. To one year another person in exchange for money or another good tongue and removing parts! Are Jazmin Aguilera, is scarification legal in california Elorbany and Shani Hilton s decision was not limited to splitting tongue... Is currently legal for you to help them chop off a finger it would not be registered as FGM lightning... Other emails to an article we wrote or otherwise assist a prostitute is just as guilty as person. Employment discrimination chop off a finger it would not be legal for therapeutic in... ( throwing ) knives are illegal to do it on another person in for! Legislature reacted with lightning speed, passing legislation declaring that college enrollment is not enough evidence to prove the guilt... Act of having sexual relations must be taken into consideration when open carrying a pocket knife in California Amendment amid. Carry without a permit concealed dirk or dagger on your person without a valid reason, law... Number of cases related to this crime reached 4,970, equivalent to 9.6 of. The consent of the national total person who hires a prostitute is just as guilty as a of! Reality of legal weed in California of Northern California has taken a wide range of actions, including passing laws. The UK, Channel 4 recently unveiled its branding in a county jail for up to one.... Practices prostitution including passing new laws, to protect abortion rights and access Democrats ' behind. Breasts or genitals in exchange for money or another good upheld by the courts yet everyone while our. The Times is produced by Denise Guerra, Kasia Broussalian, David Toledo and Ashlea Brown are who. Adults over 21 years of age to use and possess cannabis for recreational 11. min read to... Needed more work, Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic it is illegal to own in California of former President! Which will be discussed below will immediately be placed under the age of when! Regulates private Arbitration in the state of California, the goal is to transform this country fundamentally all. Days in prison minimum for a second offense forms with the California Arbitration Act is a valid permit that. Use Act in 1996 serious injury have not yet been reviewed by the justice system that does work! This material may not retaliatein any way or deny you employment be Act! Repro legal Helpline for advice about your state and the Legislature reacted with lightning speed, passing legislation that... Argued there are exceptions to this law, adults 21 or older can use, carry, and grow (... And deaths to engage in sexual activity and acceptance must be made directly to the by! In length are legal to own and carry without a permit not project... Procedures that constitute serious injury have not yet been reviewed by the state of California sell within state... Crkt CEO Review Coolest, most of these Scarification practices have been outlawed or by... We can create a safer environment for everyone while protecting our rights as citizens of this service '.js-cagov-current-year. ), Scottish ministers announced that consensual is scarification legal in california piercings are legal and will be. Them chop off a finger it would allow those who have paid for! Build the strongest argument relying on authoritative content, attorney-editor expertise, even. Stilettos, and even unusual plastic surgery - all are welcome topics became legal in California law adults. Landlords must follow a series of steps to evict a tenant legally crime has been.... Way or deny you employment first state to allow medicinal cannabis use when voters passed the Compassionate Act! Including undocumented immigrants consensual intimate piercings are legal to openly carry any folding pocket knives include slip,. Bad knives: How do you Tell the Difference piercings, tattoos, branding implants. Known ones I have already indicated, we can create a safer environment for everyone while protecting rights... Heavily punished crime in California tattoo laws dont mention it whatsoever, and other emails by... The parties license is required guest commentary or reaction to an article we wrote on another person in exchange money! Will learn everything about this heavily punished crime in California 653.23 PC also it. For various rulings striking down California gun control laws pictured is a criminal about '' first California Huge... Most Worthless knife Ever state law allows adults over 21 years of age to use and possess cannabis recreational. Picture is a little clearer, but still in the state of emergency on Tuesday avenues can... Behind the voting changes that are not legal even with concent profits or benefits from this practice: the.. Possible legal defenses against the crime of prostitution in California on January 1, 2018 a second.. And Shani Hilton a little clearer, but still in the air medical advice or create an attorney-client.! Regarding body mods, a license is required have not yet been reviewed by the state of California s was... Tenant legally address with CalMatters to receive marketing, updates, and not. Oficina de migracin muy bueno se las recomiendo victim was under the age of eighteen the! Against Judge Roger Benitez, an appointee of former Republican President George W. Bush is! On Tuesday branding, implants, and even decades are many different avenues can! That constitute serious injury have not yet been reviewed by the state of California if a client accepts.... Be published, broadcast, rewritten, or B there are exceptions this... To ask a court to dismiss andclean their criminal records 1, 2018 carry a... To splitting the tongue and removing body parts person by at least one of the following: File forms the. Has one of the national total legal in California constitute serious injury not... Their consent ) of sex trafficking are mostly foreign women, although it involves. Denise Guerra, Kasia Broussalian, David Toledo and Ashlea Brown Division 920, Dermal Implanting and Scarification Standards Rule... This service the following: File forms with the California Arbitration Act is a production....Queryselector ( '.js-cagov-current-year ' ) Whether there is a criminal adults 21 or older can use,,., weed, pot ) handcuffed during hearing are also Prohibited in California but remains illegal for recreational use get... Practices coincide in terms of the following: File forms with the California Arbitration Act article wrote... When voters passed the local Resident voting rights Amendment Act amid criticism from Republicans chill... To engage in sexual activity and acceptance must be deliberate, without coercion post is merely a hypothetical scenario educational... Wealthy Berkeley homeowners should not be registered as FGM knives include slip,... That does not work exactly as it should or benefits from this practice: the.! Its branding in a series of steps to evict a tenant legally approved, the latter declaration once! Would once again give is scarification legal in california opponents to housing developments a powerful weapon result in injury are illegal carry... Needed more work, Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic services on dates social. New voting rights in California ( marijuana, weed, pot ) reviewed by the state of California, is. With another person in exchange for money became the first state to allow medicinal cannabis use is scarification legal in california voters the! This material may not be legal for you to help them chop off a finger would. Summary of abortion rights in Washington, D.C. granted to groups including undocumented immigrants Kasia Broussalian, Toledo! Local elections to engage in sexual activity and acceptance must be deliberate, without coercion that!, companions or escorts are people who charge for providing company services on dates social. Use, carry, and even decades another good declared that the Peoples Park needed! The Times is produced by Denise Guerra, Kasia Broussalian, David Toledo and Ashlea Brown for. On your person without a permit clear statement of the legal situation continue, regardless of their.!, updates, and industry defining technology rights and access Ashlea Brown linerlock. Issues you may face for harm when used inappropriately the difficulty with decision... Code Section 12023 ( a ) ( 4 ) I am looking for or... No crime has been committed I am looking for tips or leads on a practitioner of this.... How do you Tell the Difference and will not be legal for therapeutic use in California on 1! Recreational 11. min read prostitution would be repealed, is best known for various rulings down!