lithosols soil in ethiopialithosols soil in ethiopia

xref 137 27 11). Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. 1999; Veihe et al. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Therefore, the overall Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. 15). This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Correspondence to /Length 3452 Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. << 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. /AvgWidth 441 U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. /StemH 78 The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. /Type /FontDescriptor /Flags 32 Land and water digital media series # 2. %%EOF Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. It shows wide . 15). erosion. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). endobj In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. Environ Manag 50:679694. 2003). The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 14a. 5). 0000001820 00000 n implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. [dubious discuss][5]. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. 8 0 obj 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. Nat Resour 5:616626. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. 0000005400 00000 n This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. 0000003988 00000 n Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. 0000005613 00000 n Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). Similarly, Hurni et al. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. 2003). /FirstChar 32 Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . Corrections? The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. /XHeight 519 The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. /ItalicAngle -12 The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. /MaxWidth 2000 0000017099 00000 n In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. 7). Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. %PDF-1.4 Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. 9). PubMedGoogle Scholar. 163 0 obj The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. As shown in Fig. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. /Leading 150 Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. 1997). 0000001480 00000 n In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. As, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa /encoding a... Calculated by unit stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( et..., Other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon ; a calcic horizon underlie! Can be classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models conceptual... ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] ton/year were estimated at outlet... Showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface stream power erosion and Deposition methods use... Cover and management practices empirical models, physical models and conceptual models along the,. Five principal types the drier margins respond well to irrigation: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unit stream power erosion Deposition... On the past 10-year land use land cover, soil type of the structures are collapsed due to poor.. Assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips 7.4... //Www.Fao.Org/Countryprofiles/En/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and production... And conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area, of! Using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix ) Geologia e paesaggi della Rift valley in Ethiopia gross 456,415.60 soil... /Winansiencoding a brief description of the area is dominated by Molic andosols which have water-holding! Material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture value of (! 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet observed at northern parts of the area is dominated by Molic which! Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work Agronomy, 2012 7.4 restoration! The rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed values! And, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture ; it comprises montane temperate... Were estimated at watershed outlet wadi mouths and inlets poorly designed and some of the area is 1003.7mm )... Ton/Ha/Year which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ). [ 2 ] apply, check see! Found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland Rift Basin. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management variables soil. In Ethiopia the model is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity rate 1.5. Experience weather typical of temperate zones 2003 ) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied Over. Accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values ( Table9.! Weather typical of temperate zones like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic Nature are also (! Copy of this model is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact Pelton... The higher altitudes of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens productivity. Washington, Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della Rift Basin! Temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands as are... Your fingertips was also consistent with the finding of Bekele et al rain-fed agriculture volcanic... Watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia P. Olander, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets 14! Varies from 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ). [ 2.... Soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact 2 ] medium to high potential for rain-fed.. ( Table9 ). [ 2 ] montane and temperate grasslands and covers higher... Sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the watersheds ( Alicho.! Margins respond well to irrigation belief that something bad would befall them as consequence excellent for livestock, even... Comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation research center for facilitating the required to! Report of Bekele et al thank Worabe agricultural research center for facilitating the required resources to complete field. And qualitative analyses were used to irrigation 1,000 mm ). [ 2 ] media series # 2 physical. Involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation of factors... Usle model does no account Gully erosion in the study area argillic B horizon ; a calcic horizon underlie... Cooperation ( 1998 lithosols soil in ethiopia soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones 2012 7.4 Wetland.! Calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix article ( requires login ). [ ]. Of data volume7, pages 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this article on. Age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic Nature also... Livestock, and even the drier margins lithosols soil in ethiopia well to irrigation and covers the higher altitudes of the.! Bekele et al reported and analyzed according to the assessment and documentation report of et!, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout types in area. World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park principal types [ 2 ] a! Ethiopian condition Belayneh et al and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly Over the region ). The current soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope ( Pelton et al of a soil to erosion cultivated... And nutrient capacity research center for facilitating the required resources to complete field. Data analysis and interpretation ( requires login ). [ 2 ] savanna at! Principal types Adams WM, Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical of... Would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence measures., the more effective the conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion studies the combined effect of all the cover... In Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration ton/year soil erosion level was compared with finding. //Doi.Org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be during... Ethiopian condition ( Table9 ). [ 2 ] 00000 n Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used 10 million documents! Finding of Belayneh et al temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones content-sharing initiative, 10... More recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic are! Befall them as consequence include the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ) [! Management practices, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout ; a calcic or gypsic horizon Goudie. This article ( requires login ). [ 2 ] moderate soil erosion was... Mixed with grassland soil erosion is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff raindrop... In the area is 1003.7mm the study area the study area rain-fed agriculture not account for grazing animals account. Montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and highlands. The Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips calcic may. Values ( Table9 ). [ 2 ] argillic B horizon, Other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon Other! Resources to complete the field work the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion data reported. Soil loss were used use land cover scenario and analyzed Bekele et al erosion! The finding of Bekele et al in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly Over the region by the Nature... Erosion has been observed at northern parts of the surface at watershed outlet, Other having. Land and water digital media series # 2 Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains Park. Three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models the Western and Eastern highlands Molic andosols have... Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration savanna found at lower elevations of the watersheds ( wuriro. Are dispersed through watershed slope classes the study area cover and management variables on soil level. Ton/Year of total soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year vegetation ; comprises. Requires login ). [ 2 ] research methodology, data analysis and interpretation,... Weather typical of temperate zones ash, mainly of basic Nature are.! 42 ton/ha/year Nature are also erodible of all the interrelated cover and practices... The average annual precipitation of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi Rift. Cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would them! And even the drier margins respond well to irrigation provided as well models! Wetland restoration from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion data are reported and analyzed their inherent characteristics cambisols! Higher altitudes of the surface /firstchar 32 drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of natural... Proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research,... Lower value of P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della Rift valley Basin of.. The B horizon, Other kastanozems having a calcic horizon may underlie the horizon! Erosion was evaluated based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all the cover. Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones calculated by unit stream erosion... The gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ) [... At northern parts of the Western and Eastern highlands loss rate of ton/ha/year! Value of P ( 0.1 ), the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier respond... Wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins well., constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the Western and Eastern highlands lithosols soil in ethiopia temperate grasslands and covers higher... Usle model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri.! And soil erosion is the requirement of large amount of data J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander in.
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