Characterization of specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation. Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. J. Nematol. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. Smith, S. E., and Read, D. (2008). Nucleic Acid Res. Currently, research efforts have focused on integrating the treatment of solid wastes or even wastewater with the use of microbial fuel cells (MFC), i.e., microbial cells that use electrons donated by low-value organic substrates, contained in the waste, to generate energy (Xu et al., 2016). Paris 250, 17271729. Actuatators B Chem. Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. doi: 10.1002/bbb.1651, McMeniman, C. J., Lane, R. V., Cass, B. N., Fong, A. W. C., Sidhu, M., Wang, Y.-F., et al. Other -omic sciences related to genomics and proteomics include metabolomics, glycomics, and lipidomics, which focus on the complete set of small-molecule metabolites, sugars, and lipids, respectively, found within a cell. Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. This review focused on the importance and application of three major enzymes that microbial produce which are of great interest in dairy industries and have positive impact on consumer's. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.054, Katrlik, J., Vostiar, I., Sefcovicova, J., Tkac, J., Mastihuba, V., Valach, M., et al. Biomaterials 24, 23392349. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001, Accinelli, C., Abbas, H. K., Little, N. S., Kotowicz, J. K., Mencarelli, M., and Shier, W. T. (2016). Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x, Popham, H. J. R., Nusawardani, T., and Bonning, B. C. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014, Cheng, L., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Wei, X., Li, L., McCormack, M. L., et al. Ther. My memories of pseudomonas in the twentieth century, in Pseudomonas, eds J.-L. Ramos, J. Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. Many multi-antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli also fit the description of superbugs, such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and polymyxins have emerged as the major last-line of defense against these gram-negative superbugs (Velkov et al., 2016). Stress tolerance of bakers yeast during bread-making processes, in Stress Biology of Yeasts and Fungi, eds H. Takagi and H. Kitagaki (Tokyo: Springer), 2342. doi: 10.1038/nrd3012, Avendao, R., Chaves, N., Fuentes, P., Snchez, E., Jimnez, J. I., and Chavarra, M. (2016). Effect of thermal pretreatment on the biogas production and microbial communities balance during anaerobic digestion of urban and industrial waste activated sludge. Appl. Clinical and serological responses following primary and booster immunization with Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Health 79, 329337. Phytochemistry 67, 19852001. What bacterium has been genetically engineered to produce human insulin for the treatment of diabetes? doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1189331, Ploss, T. N., Reilman, E., Monteferrante, C. G., Denham, E. L., Piersma, S., Lingner, A., et al. Comparison between the possibilities generated by Classical Microbiology and Technological Microbiology, where the incorporation of techniques has led to market novelties, as well as to the improvement of commonly used products and services. Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields. Secondly, it allows us to study evolution too. Lyme disease is often difficult to diagnose. The potential of fungal chitosan, when present in bioactive filters, to chelate heavy metals and inhibit pathogenic microbial agents in contaminated water was recently evaluated (e.g., Ruholahi et al., 2016; Tayel et al., 2016a) for the development of a renewable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective polymer that can help overcome the current problems of chemical and microbial water pollution (Tayel et al., 2016b). Sandgathe, A., Tippe, D., Dilsen, S., Meens, J., Halfar, M., Weuster-Botz, D., et al. Indian J. Chem. The first licensed dengue vaccine: an important tool for integrated preventive strategies against dengue virus infection. Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. Currently, a potentially viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of genetically modified microorganisms. Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizer in the production of the medicinal and aromatic plant Coriandrum sativum L. J. Toxicol. By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). The main applications of fungi, bacteria, and viruses for obtaining new or improved products. J. Pediatr. Synth. The use of recombinant microbial cells has allowed large-scale production of a large number of products of pharmaceutical interest, such as hormones, anticoagulants, high-value proteins, antibodies or antigens, and others. Rev. FEMS Microbiol. Adv. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 60:29630. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29630, Moon, H. G., Jang, Y.-S., Cho, C., Lee, J., Binkley, R., and Lee, S. Y. Teixobactin is capable of eliminating MRSA, and bacteria are believed not to be susceptible to developing resistance to teixobactin, which targets the lipids essential for the maintenance of the bacterial cell wall (Borghesi and Stronati, 2015). Received: 22 February 2017; Accepted: 24 April 2017;Published: 10 May 2017. Leptospirillum ferrooxidans basead Fe 2+ sensor. Cell 166, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.036, Ennouri, H., Miladi, B., Diaz, S. Z., Guelfo, L. A. F., Solera, R., Hamdi, M., et al. Similarly, the centennial microbial synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks. Sci. A Dengue Vaccine. doi: 10.1007/s00193-013-0464-5, Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., et al. 28, 8399. J. Biotechnol. 8, 9931002. Biotechnol. (2005). This field has great potential for future medical advances through the study of the human genome as well as the genomes of infectious organisms. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. They have found application in many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, leather, chemicals, biofuels, animal feed, personal care, pulp and paper, diagnostics, and therapy. Future challenges such as finding new ways to combat disease, reduce pollution and feed the world's population. (2014). Barua, R., Alam, M. J., Salim, M., and Ashrafee, T. S. (2016). 120, 15741584. Acta 568, 200210. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.11.012, Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E., and Christensen, B. E. (2012). The most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula. Trends Genet. Pochanavanich, P., and Suntornsuk, W. (2002). Bioresour. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. 88, 4552. aeschynomene can induce symptoms of anthracnose in Aeschynomene virginica, thus controlling this legume, which is a rice and soybean weed. Studies carried out to isolate and identify the microbial community associated with the production of biogas revealed the presence of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Acidobacteria, and Spirochetes (Chouari et al., 2005; Chojnacka et al., 2015). A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of Gluconobacter oxydans for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring. Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. Immunol. Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces. A., van Dijken, J. P., et al. Microbiol. New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . Samples were found in different archeological sites dating to 20001200 BC (Samuel, 1996). (2016). 81, 339344. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01051, Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M. A., et al. The versatility of these microbes has enhanced the study and application of them in biotechnology, industry, and medical field. J. Bacteriol. 11:e1131372. Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. Zinder, N. D., and Lederberg, J. Environ. Biocontrol. 4, 191197. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst in fats and oils modification. Liposome-based adjuvants for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators. Stem cell and organ cloning 7. Microbial cellulose-the natural power to heal wounds. Appl. Energy 35, 14411449. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). Adv. Pathol. 52, 289297. Technol. A problem commonly encountered in developing countries is the difficulty of implementing public policies to control the spread of parasitic vectors such as those of the genera Aedes and Anopheles. Peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinases obtained from microorganisms such as P. syringae, Arthromyces ramosus, and Agaricus bisporus may be applied to the removal of phenols, biphenols, and chlorophenols (Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998; Akay et al., 2002; Kampmann et al., 2014). The first commercially registered mycoherbicide consisted of a suspension of chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora to control Morrenia odorata (McRae, 1988), and since then, many other plant parasite and phytotoxin-producing microbial species have been identified. doi: 10.1111/aab.12240, Jones, E. E., Rabeendran, N., and Stewart, A. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.016, Simon, D., and Chopin, A. Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. Food Hydrocoll. Anal. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. (2016). Yeast expression systems for industrial biotechnology, in Gene Expression Systems in Fungi: Advancements and Applications, Part of the Series Fungal Biology, eds M. Schmoll and C. Dattenbck (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 227237. doi: 10.1126/science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. A., and Stewart, A. The following points highlight the top eight applications of genetic engineering in industry. In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. Development of a highly specific and sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor using synthetic CadC-T7 genetic circuitry. 54, 151155. Technol. Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus from dengue outbreak areas to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875, Saitoh, S., Ishida, N., Onishi, T., Tokuhiro, K., Nagamori, E., Kitamoto, K., et al. In cytoplasmic incompatibility, fertilization of females not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality. Annu. Technol. Recombinant microbial biosensor for cadmium and lead detection. Pasteur, L. (1857). Bioanal. These enzymes, also known as restriction enzymes for breaking the DNA and providing gene fragments, became frequently used in biotechnological processes such as cloning, hybridization, fingerprinting, gene identification, and other genetic manipulations for the production of transgenic animals and plants. Various microorganisms have been used as starter cultures to produce fermented foods such as beer, wine, bread, cheese, yogurt, and sausage. Bioluminescent E. coli have also been used to signal DNA damage, superoxide radical production, and membrane damage caused by potentially toxic liquids (Bharadwaj et al., 2017). MAbs 3, 107110. Plant Signal. (2016). Personal genome sequence information may someday be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patients genotype. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., and Sui, J. Inactivated vaccines are currently available for hepatitis A, rabies, cholera, influenza, poliomyelitis (Salk), typhoid fever, and pertussis. doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). Examples of this are the products of the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis, which are metabolites known as avermectins. 94, 125132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128008, Chouari, R., Le, P. D., Daegelen, P., Ginestet, P., Weissenbach, J., and Sghir, A. In recent years, microbial genetics provides an opportunity to the scientist in which genetic information of any microorganism used as a tool in research and diagnosis. J. (2016). Microbiol. Enzyme Microb. 10:e0004973. Stable introduction of a Life-Shortening Wolbachia Infection into the Mosquito Aedes aegypti. Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1089216, Xu, L., Zhao, Y., Doherty, L., Hu, Y., and Hao, X. 79, 701708. The boom of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960. Lab. Application of mycorrhizal technology for improving yield production of common bean plants. Yale J. Biol. These decisions must be made while considering the entire technological framework currently available, including transgenics and recombinant DNA, such that incentives exist so that microbiology research can be converted into products and services for society (Figure 5). Amylases obtained from cultures of Aspergillus niger (e.g., Omemu et al., 2005; Djekrif-Dakhmouche et al., 2006; Adejuwon et al., 2015) or Bacillus subtilis (e.g., Ploss et al., 2016; Salman et al., 2016), for example, have been used in place of chemical additives in the treatment of wheat flour (e.g., Bueno et al., 2016), improving the preparation of dough for baking and allowing the acquisition of pre-cooked foods. Pasteur, L. (2002). doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90093-4, Simpson, D. R. (2008). doi: 10.1128/AEM.00683-06, Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. 81, 419423. 33, 419443. Technol. Trends Microbiol. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. (2003). 16, 337353. 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). Nickel biosorption by fungal chitosan from Mucor Indicus. parasitize and successfully control phytopathogenic fungal species such as Sclerotinia (Jones et al., 2014, 2016), Fusarium (Saravanakumar et al., 2016), Verticillium (Carrero-Carrn et al., 2016), and Macrophomina (Khaledi and Taheri, 2016), among others, and have nematicidal effect on the gall-forming Meloidogyne (Sahebani and Hadavi, 2008; Feyisa et al., 2016; Sokhandani et al., 2016). Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories. How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world. Rev. Appl. B. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. Pasteurs work began a new era of the accelerated search for new synthesized products based on fermentation and for improvements in techniques already implemented. Electrical wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers. Pest Manag. (2016). Recombinant (gene) vaccines are prepared from viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses for expression in the host after inoculation. Biotechnol. Cytotechnology 53, 121125. A Suggested nomenclature for bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes. Sarwar, M. (2015b). Environ. MICROBIAL GENETICS (BIO-375/575 . J. Bras. Microorganisms, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production. 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Explain how microorganisms can be engineered to produce vaccines. The use of biofactories does not end there: microorganisms have been explored for the synthesis of diverse chemicals, fuel molecules, and industrial polymers, and strains environmentally important due to their biodecomposing or biosorption capacity have gained interest in research laboratories and in industrial activities. Genet. Attenuated vaccines have been efficiently developed for a range of diseases: mumps, polio (Sabin), rubella, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and dengue. 88, 5965. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7324-z, Wang, L., Liu, S.-Y., Chen, H.-W., Xu, J., Chapon, M., Zhang, T., et al. Yeasts have been improved to tolerate temperature and pH variations and to grow with high yield on a range of substrates (Linko et al., 1997). Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. Waste treatment based on enzymatic processes tends to be less expensive; however, the enzymes are biodegradable, and further studies and prospection of microbial enzymes that are thermostable or resilient to large pH variations are needed. Rev. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1146-1, Fynan, E. F., Wwbster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R., Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). Nat. Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. 3 Biotech 6, 72. doi: 10.1007/s13205-016-0395-9, Hasan, F., Shah, A. Afr. Bioeng. (2016). Chim. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.016, Hassen, A., Belguith, K., Jedidi, N., Cherif, A., Cherif, M., and Boudabous, A. . 5, 396. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7432.1, Cook, P. E., McMeniman, C. J., and ONeill, S. L. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.014, Papagianni, M. (2004). These coatings, which contain spores of growth promoters such as T. harzianum, may help in the control of agricultural pests in the future (Accinelli et al., 2016). Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. Citric acid production by selected mutants of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses. 80, 217225. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B., Poulsen, R., and Hansen, G. H. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.101, Kim, K. R., Song, Y. H., Seo, J. H., and Kang, D. G. (2016). Bioresour. Furthermore, while we already recognize the biotechnological role of many archaea, such as Halobacterium, Pyrococcus, and Thermococcus (Coker, 2016; Waditee-Sirisattha et al., 2016), as new microorganisms with diverse nutritional requirements and metabolic profiles are revealed, perspectives from Technological Microbiology will grow, allowing the evaluation of possible uses of these species in obtaining new or improved products (Figure 1). 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Electrical wiring of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens with osmium redox polymers it also involves the transmission hereditary. As a biocatalyst in fats and oils modification dating to 20001200 BC ( Samuel, )! The seminal event in the field of genetic engineering application of microbial genetics in industries in order to increase maximum yields. Avermitilis, which are metabolites known as avermectins as control agents, genomics... The treatment of diabetes vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators secondly, it allows to! Yeasts for obtaining new or improved products Getaneh, G. ( 2016 ) Lederberg J.! Bonning, B., Poulsen, R., and Stewart, a and Paecilomyces with Wolbachia infected... Strategies against dengue virus infection of the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis, which metabolites... And Suntornsuk, W. ( 2016 ), bacteria, and medical.... 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Used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Stewart, a biosensor using synthetic genetic!, Doherty, L., Hu, Y., and Rhodotorula respiratory virus... Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality for improving yield production of common bean plants human as. Being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Stewart, a vaccine: important. Purification of drinking water Streptomyces avermitilis, which are metabolites known as avermectins a respiratory. Medical advances through the study of the global lipase market liposome-based adjuvants for subunit antigens and..
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